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votouva kareroviropa votou vatausia vo rutu rupakouia kareroviropa
| kareroviropa | IDENTIFICATION: The verb (identified by -roviropa) is intransitive because the stem, kare, and affixation are a Class I verb. |
| 'he returned completely years ago' | |
| Predicate-I | |
| votouva | IDENTIFICATION: The classified noun (ident: vo-) functions as such because bottle of the RP -va 'with.' |
| 'with this bottle' | |
| Accompaniment |
NOTE: There is some ambiguity becaue -va could also mean from 'from', in which case the nominal would function as Location. The remaining part of the utterance, however, elears the meaning.
| vatausia | IDENTIFICATION: The second predicate is dependent (ident: -sia) and transitive because vatau is a Class II verb. |
| 'to hide' | |
| Predicate-II | |
| votou | IDENTIFICATION: The classified noun (ident: vo-) functions as such because of the position and absence of RP's. |
| 'this bottle' | |
| Direct Object |
NOTE: There could be ambiguity in that this nominal could also be the Subject of the Predicate. Since there is no person-number marker in the Dependent verb construction, the person-number marker of the independent verb is referred to and tentatively demonstrates that the nominal is not the Subject but the Object.
| vo rutu rupakouia | IDENTIFICATION: The component is an appositive string consisting of a modified demonstrative pronoun (ident: closed elass) and a temporal (ident: closed class). The string functions as such because of the specific nominal and the RP -ia 'in'. |
| 'here truly ig (the) morning' | |
| Time |
THE MEANING OF THE FIRST UTTERANCE: 'he returned completely years ago with this bottle to hide this bottle very early in (the) morning.'
oisio puraopa vorerivira uriou osia uririparaepa rutu
| puraopa | IDENTIFICATION: The verb (ident: -opa), is a quotative because they stem, pura, with this affixation is a Class III verb. |
| "she said years ago" | |
| Predicate-III | |
| oisio | IDENTIFICATION: The presence of the relative pronoun oisio (ident: olosed class) will always signal an expression of thought when it co-occurs with the Quotative Predicate. |
| "like this" | |
| Quote |
NOTE: The relative pronoun oisio only signals the presence of the expression and simultaneously brackets it. The actual expression, as part of the!Quote in an appositive relationship with the relative pronoun, is usually immediately before or after the combination of relative pronoun and Predicate-III. In this case,the first complete expression following the predicate will be tentatively identified as the actual quote; see below.
| vorerivira uriou | IDENTIFICATION: The modified (ident: -vira) verb (ident: -u) is intransitive because the stem, urio, with this affixation is a Class I verb. |
| "you come again" | |
| Predicate-I/Quote |
NOTE: This modified verb construction functions as the Predicate of an independent clause; however, that clause is in an appositive relationship with the relative pronoun of the Quote function; eonsequently, it functions as part of the Quote component simultaneóusly.
| osia | IDENTIFICATION: The word osia is a conjunction (ident: closed class) by definition. See section 3.77.1. |
| "as" | |
| Conjunction | |
| uririparaepa rutu | IDENTIFICATION: The modified (ident: closed class) verb (ident: -paraepa) is a condition because of the'presence of the stem uriri with this affixation, which is a Class IV verb. |
| "I was being truly afraid years ago." | |
| Predicate-IV |
NOTE: The second predicate is not included in the Quote because of a) the conjunction, but moreover because ineonsistency of person-number markers of the three constructions in the utterance of b) the verb
MEANING OF SECOND UTTERANCE: SShe said this years ago, "You come again," as I was truly being afraid years ago.'
rera vaisieva ro irapa oisioa reasipao Kaka
| vaisieva | IDENTIFICATION: The verb (ident: -eva) is a quotative because the stem, vaisi, with this affixation, is a Class III verb. |
| "she named years ago" | |
| Predicate-III | |
| rera | IDENTIFICATION: The personal pronoun (ident: closed class) funetions because of position and absence as such of RP 's. The nominal here again could be either Subject or Addressee; however, the person-number marker of the verb construction makes it elear Chat it is not the Subject. |
| "him" | |
| Addressee | |
| reasipao | IDENTIFICATION: The verb (ident: -pao) is a condition beeause the stem, reasi, with this affixation, is a Class IV-B verb. |
| "she is disliking" | |
| ?Predicate-IV | |
| oisioa | IDENTIFICATION: The temporal, oisioa, (ident: closed class) functions as such because of its membership class. |
| "all of the time" | |
| Time | |
| irapa | IDENTIFICATION: The relative pronoun (ident: closed class) is identified as the Axis component because of the cooccurrence with a Type IV Predicate, and the RP -pa. |
| "for him" | |
| Axis | |
| ro | IDENTIFICATION: The demonstrative pronoun (ident: closed class) is the second member of an appositive string. The first member, rera, has been identified as the Addressee, and the third member, ira, has been identified as the Axis. The demonstrative pronoun here |
| "this man" | |
| Axis/Addressee | |
| Kaka | IDENTIFICATION: The proper noun (ident: name of man) functions as such because of a) absence of RP's, b) co-occurrence with the Type III Predicate, c) the final position in the utterance, and d) the lack of agreement with th'e person-number markers of both predicates (indicating that it couldn't be the Subject.) |
| "Kaka" | |
| Quote |
NOTE: This component is ambiguous if the semantic content of the Predicate is ignored. Since the first activity is that of naming a man, it follows that the name occurring in the utterance will be the one used in connection with that activity. The person named Kaka could possibly be the one in disfavor with the subject, however, and therefore be a complement of the second Predicate, but this would leave the Quotative Predicate without a Quote.
MEANING OF THIRD UTTERANCE: 'She named him Kaka years ago, this man whom she was always disliking.'
akeeva eakepa ragai kavupari vore avapaoro Wakunaia
| akeeva | IDENTIFICATION: The verb (ident: -eva) is a quotative because the stem, ake, with this affixation, is a Class III stem. |
| "she asked years ago" | |
| Predicate-III | |
| eakepa | IDENTIFICATION: The interrogative pro "for what" noun, eake (ident: closed class) functions as sucb because of the RP -pa and its position immediately preceding the direct object. |
| "for what" | |
| Indirect Object | |
| ragai | IDENTIFICATION: The personal pronoun (ident: closed class) functions as such because of its position and the absence of any RP's. (Again the person-number marker of the verb construction resolves the Subject-Object ambiguity.) |
| "me" | |
| Direct Object | |
| kavupari | IDENTIFICATION: The verb (ident: -pari) is transitive because the stem, kavu, with this affixation, is a Class II stem. |
| "you are leaving" | |
| Predicate-II | |
| vore | IDENTIFICATION: The Class 2 demonstrative pronoun, vo, (ident: closed class) functions as such because of the RP -re, and the co-occurrence wich the Type I predicate. |
| "to here" | Location |
| avapaoro | IDENTIFICATION: The second predicate is dependent (ident: -oro) and intran Predicate-I sitive because the stem, ava, is a Class I verb stem. |
| "while going" | |
| Preicate-I |
NOTE: The Class 2 demonstrative pronoun signals a following member of the appositive string of which it is a member. In this case, the following member is a proper noun which names the 'here' of the demonstrative pronoun. See below.
| Wakunaiia | IDENTIFICATION: The proper noun (ident: name of place) functions as such because of a) the RP -ia and its position in the appositive string which as a whole functions as the Location. |
| "to Wakunai" | |
| Location |
NOTE: Since the first predicate was a Quotative Predicate, one must automatically look for a Quote. In this case, the entire clause following the Quotative Predicate functions as the Quote componenet complementing that predicate. It is identified by its position immediately following-the predicate, but also, in this case of a question, by intonation.
MEANING OF FOURTH UTTERANCE: "She asked years ago, 'For what are you leaving me while going to Wakunai?'"